Education

The research behind our treatments

We believe in physician-led, evidence-based care. Here are the peer-reviewed studies and patient-friendly summaries that inform how we treat depression and related conditions.

Patient Education

Plain-language summaries of the research behind ketamine treatment, written for patients and families exploring their options.

Professional & Clinical Literature

Peer-reviewed research on ketamine and treatment-resistant depression for referring providers and clinically-minded readers.

JAMA Psychiatry · 2026

How Effective Is Ketamine for Severe Depression and Suicidal Thoughts?

Ketamine Infusions and Rapid Reduction of Suicidal and Depressive Symptoms in Major Depressive Episode: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 randomized clinical trials (1,166 patients) finding that IV ketamine rapidly reduces suicidal and depressive symptoms in major depressive episodes.

World Psychiatry · 2023

Understanding Treatment-Resistant Depression

Treatment-resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions

A comprehensive review defining treatment-resistant depression and surveying management strategies, including ketamine and other investigational interventions.

The Lancet · 2018

Comparing 21 Antidepressants: What the Evidence Shows

Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

A landmark network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressants, providing key context for where conventional pharmacotherapy falls short.

Psychological Medicine · 2016

Ketamine as an Add-On to a Newly Started Antidepressant

Single i.v. ketamine augmentation of newly initiated escitalopram for major depression: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled 4-week study

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial showing a single IV ketamine infusion produces faster, more complete depression relief when added to newly started escitalopram.

Journal of Affective Disorders · 2018

Repeat-Dose Ketamine for Chronic Suicidal Thoughts

Repeat-dose ketamine augmentation for treatment-resistant depression with chronic suicidal ideation: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating repeat-dose ketamine augmentation in patients with treatment-resistant depression and chronic suicidal ideation.

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · 2024

IV Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Clinical Trials

Efficacy and safety of intravenous ketamine treatment in Japanese patients with treatment-resistant depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial confirming the efficacy and safety of IV ketamine for treatment-resistant depression.

Journal of Affective Disorders · 2025

Does Body Weight Affect Esketamine's Effectiveness?

Does BMI matter when treating depression with esketamine? A retrospective analysis of real-world data

A retrospective, real-world analysis examining whether body mass index affects treatment response to esketamine for depression.

Psychiatric Times · 2026

Consensus Guidelines for Safe IV Ketamine Clinical Practice

Consensus Guidelines for IV Ketamine: Safe Clinical Practice

Delphi-driven consensus guidelines from the American Society of Ketamine Physicians, Psychotherapists, and Practitioners (ASKP3) covering clinician qualifications, treatment settings, dosing protocols, and informed consent for safe IV ketamine administration.

Molecular Psychiatry (Nature) · 2026

How Ketamine and Psychedelics Create Lasting Brain Changes

Epigenetic landscapes of classical psychedelics and ketamine: molecular mechanisms of long-lasting neuromodulation

A peer-reviewed review proposing that ketamine and classical psychedelics produce durable therapeutic effects through epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling, that may explain how brief treatment sessions yield lasting benefits.

Clinical Trial Vanguard · 2026

Shared Brain Mechanism Behind Ketamine and ECT's Rapid Effects

The Serotonin Signal Hiding in Plain Sight Across Two Rapid-Acting Depression Treatments

A multi-center Bayesian PET imaging analysis found that both ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy increase serotonin 1B receptor binding, suggesting a shared mechanistic pathway behind their rapid antidepressant effects and informing future trial design.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · 2016

50 Years of Ketamine: History and Mechanisms

Ketamine: 50 Years of Modulating the Mind

A review tracing ketamine's use since its 1966 clinical introduction, covering its pharmacological mechanisms and expanding applications from anesthesia and pain management to emerging psychiatric treatment.

Medscape · 2026

Can Oral Ketamine Treat Depression Without the Dissociative Effects?

An Oral Ketamine Drug for Depression — Minus the Trip?

Coverage of phase 1/2 trial results for a prolonged-release oral ketamine tablet that produced minimal dissociative side effects and early reductions in depressive symptoms, though it did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint at day 21.

Regulatory & Industry Updates

FDA actions and regulatory news relevant to the safe, compliant marketing and administration of ketamine therapy.