Education
The research behind our treatments
We believe in physician-led, evidence-based care. Here are the peer-reviewed studies and patient-friendly summaries that inform how we treat our patients, organized by service line.
Iron Deficiency & Iron Infusion
Guidance and research on diagnosing and treating iron deficiency anemia, including when IV iron infusion is appropriate.
Patient Education
Plain-language explanations of iron deficiency anemia — what causes it, how it's diagnosed, and how it's treated.
How Iron Deficiency Anemia Is Diagnosed and Treated
Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Clinical guidance explaining that iron deficiency anemia occurs when the body lacks enough iron to make healthy red blood cells, and that treatment typically starts with oral iron, moving to IV iron when oral iron isn't tolerated or doesn't work — especially for patients with certain digestive conditions.
What Is Iron Deficiency and How Is It Managed?
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
A patient-facing overview explaining that iron deficiency occurs when the body doesn't have enough iron to make hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood, and that treatment (diet, supplements, or medical care) must also address the underlying cause for full recovery.
Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
A consumer-friendly overview noting that excessive bleeding is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia, with symptoms including fatigue, weakness, and pallor, and that treatment involves finding and stopping the source of bleeding along with iron supplementation for several months to rebuild the body's iron stores.
New Standards for Diagnosing Iron Deficiency
ASH Sets New Standards for Diagnosing Iron Deficiency
New ASH guidelines raise the serum ferritin cutoffs used to diagnose iron deficiency in adults, children, pregnant or menstruating people, and people with inflammation — meaning some patients previously told their iron was normal may now qualify as iron deficient and should discuss retesting with their doctor.
Professional & Clinical Literature
Clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia for referring providers.
AGA Expert Guidance on Managing Iron Deficiency Anemia
AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Expert Review
An AGA-commissioned expert review providing Best Practice Advice on diagnosing and managing iron deficiency anemia, including when to use oral versus IV iron replacement.
UK Guidelines for Diagnosing and Treating Iron Deficiency Anemia
British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults
Comprehensive UK society guidelines covering the diagnosis, investigation, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adults, including criteria for choosing oral versus intravenous iron replacement.
A Clinical Review of Iron Deficiency in Adults
Iron Deficiency in Adults: A Review
A review estimating that iron deficiency affects about 14% of US adults, recommending diagnosis by ferritin or transferrin saturation, oral iron as first-line therapy, and IV iron for patients who cannot tolerate or absorb oral iron, have ongoing blood loss, have chronic inflammatory conditions, or are in later pregnancy.
Expert Consensus on Safe IV Iron Administration
Expert consensus guidelines: Intravenous iron uses, formulations, administration, and management of reactions
Step-by-step consensus guidance for practitioners on safe IV iron delivery, including pre-infusion risk assessment, monitoring, recognition and management of infusion reactions, and treatment-emergent hypophosphatemia.
Comparing IV Iron Formulations Over Time
Time-dependent trade-offs among intravenous iron formulations for iron-deficiency anemia: a longitudinal systematic review and network meta-analysis
A network meta-analysis of 55 randomized trials (over 23,000 patients) finding that ferric carboxymaltose repletes iron stores fastest over 4–8 weeks but carries a higher risk of low phosphate, while ferric derisomaltose and iron sucrose are generally preferred when safety or longer-term maintenance matters — supporting a scenario-specific choice rather than a single 'best' IV iron.
Spravato (Esketamine)
FDA approval history and the pivotal clinical trials behind Spravato (esketamine) nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression.
Professional & Clinical Literature
The pivotal trials and regulatory record behind esketamine's approval for treatment-resistant depression, for referring providers and clinically-minded readers.
The FDA Approval of Esketamine, Explained
Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression — First FDA-Approved Antidepressant in a New Class
A perspective piece marking the FDA's approval of esketamine nasal spray (Spravato) — the first antidepressant in a new mechanistic class in decades — for treatment-resistant depression.
How Esketamine Compares to Another Add-On Antidepressant
Esketamine Nasal Spray versus Quetiapine for Treatment-Resistant Depression
A head-to-head randomized trial comparing esketamine nasal spray to extended-release quetiapine, both added to ongoing antidepressant treatment, for treatment-resistant depression.
Does Esketamine Prevent Depression From Coming Back? (Very Important)
Efficacy of Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus Oral Antidepressant Treatment for Relapse Prevention in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial
A pivotal randomized trial (SUSTAIN-1) showing that patients in remission or stable response on esketamine plus an oral antidepressant were significantly less likely to relapse than those switched to placebo plus an oral antidepressant, supporting esketamine's role in long-term relapse prevention.
Esketamine's Pivotal Efficacy Trial (TRANSFORM-1)
Efficacy and Safety of Fixed-Dose Esketamine Nasal Spray Combined With a New Oral Antidepressant in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Study (TRANSFORM-1)
One of the pivotal phase 3 trials submitted for esketamine's FDA approval, evaluating fixed doses of esketamine nasal spray combined with a newly initiated oral antidepressant in adults with treatment-resistant depression.
Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults (TRANSFORM-3)
Efficacy and Safety of Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Elderly Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression-TRANSFORM-3
A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of esketamine nasal spray plus a newly initiated oral antidepressant specifically in elderly patients with treatment-resistant depression.
Esketamine for Rapid Relief of Active Suicidal Ideation (ASPIRE I)
Esketamine Nasal Spray for Rapid Reduction of Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms in Patients Who Have Active Suicidal Ideation With Intent: Double-Blind, Randomized Study (ASPIRE I)
A randomized trial showing esketamine nasal spray, added to comprehensive standard-of-care treatment, rapidly reduced depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder who had active suicidal ideation with intent.
Ketamine
Research behind ketamine treatment for depression, from patient-friendly summaries to peer-reviewed clinical literature.
Patient Education
Plain-language summaries of the research behind ketamine treatment, written for patients and families exploring their options.
Ketamine's Rapid Relief for Major Depressive Episodes
Meta-Analysis: Ketamine Injections Rapidly Reduce Major Depressive Episode Symptoms
A patient-friendly summary of a large meta-analysis showing that ketamine injections can rapidly ease depressive and suicidal symptoms during a major depressive episode.
Why Interest in Ketamine Therapy Is Growing
Why Are More People Searching for Ketamine Therapy in 2026
A general-audience look at why public interest in ketamine therapy has risen, touching on growing mental health awareness and the treatment's reputation for rapid relief compared to conventional antidepressants.
Weighing Ketamine's Promise Against Its Risks
The Ketamine Paradox
A balanced look at ketamine's dual nature: supervised medical use can rapidly ease severe depression and suicidality, while unsupervised misuse has been linked to addiction, cognitive effects, and physical complications, underscoring the importance of physician-led treatment.
When Standard Antidepressants Fail, What Comes Next?
When Antidepressants Don't Work, Here's What Doctors Are Trying Next
A physician-written explainer for patients on why standard antidepressants often fail to help and how ketamine, which works through an entirely different brain pathway than SSRIs, can offer relief on a much faster timeline.
Professional & Clinical Literature
Peer-reviewed research on ketamine and treatment-resistant depression for referring providers and clinically-minded readers.
How Effective Is Ketamine for Severe Depression and Suicidal Thoughts?
Ketamine Infusions and Rapid Reduction of Suicidal and Depressive Symptoms in Major Depressive Episode: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 randomized clinical trials (1,166 patients) finding that IV ketamine rapidly reduces suicidal and depressive symptoms in major depressive episodes.
Understanding Treatment-Resistant Depression
Treatment-resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions
A comprehensive review defining treatment-resistant depression and surveying management strategies, including ketamine and other investigational interventions.
Comparing 21 Antidepressants: What the Evidence Shows
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
A landmark network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressants, providing key context for where conventional pharmacotherapy falls short.
Ketamine as an Add-On to a Newly Started Antidepressant
Single i.v. ketamine augmentation of newly initiated escitalopram for major depression: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled 4-week study
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial showing a single IV ketamine infusion produces faster, more complete depression relief when added to newly started escitalopram.
Repeat-Dose Ketamine for Chronic Suicidal Thoughts
Repeat-dose ketamine augmentation for treatment-resistant depression with chronic suicidal ideation: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating repeat-dose ketamine augmentation in patients with treatment-resistant depression and chronic suicidal ideation.
IV Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Clinical Trials
Efficacy and safety of intravenous ketamine treatment in Japanese patients with treatment-resistant depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial confirming the efficacy and safety of IV ketamine for treatment-resistant depression.
Does Body Weight Affect Esketamine's Effectiveness?
Does BMI matter when treating depression with esketamine? A retrospective analysis of real-world data
A retrospective, real-world analysis examining whether body mass index affects treatment response to esketamine for depression.
Consensus Guidelines for Safe IV Ketamine Clinical Practice
Consensus Guidelines for IV Ketamine: Safe Clinical Practice
Delphi-driven consensus guidelines from the American Society of Ketamine Physicians, Psychotherapists, and Practitioners (ASKP3) covering clinician qualifications, treatment settings, dosing protocols, and informed consent for safe IV ketamine administration.
How Ketamine and Psychedelics Create Lasting Brain Changes
Epigenetic landscapes of classical psychedelics and ketamine: molecular mechanisms of long-lasting neuromodulation
A peer-reviewed review proposing that ketamine and classical psychedelics produce durable therapeutic effects through epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling, that may explain how brief treatment sessions yield lasting benefits.
How New Brain Connections Sustain Ketamine's Antidepressant Effects
Restoring Dysfunctional Brain Circuits in Depression
A research summary on how ketamine helps restore brain connections (dendritic spines) lost during depression, finding that the formation of new synaptic connections after treatment is required to sustain antidepressant effects over time, even though it isn't what drives the initial rapid mood improvement.
Shared Brain Mechanism Behind Ketamine and ECT's Rapid Effects
The Serotonin Signal Hiding in Plain Sight Across Two Rapid-Acting Depression Treatments
A multi-center Bayesian PET imaging analysis found that both ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy increase serotonin 1B receptor binding, suggesting a shared mechanistic pathway behind their rapid antidepressant effects and informing future trial design.
50 Years of Ketamine: History and Mechanisms
Ketamine: 50 Years of Modulating the Mind
A review tracing ketamine's use since its 1966 clinical introduction, covering its pharmacological mechanisms and expanding applications from anesthesia and pain management to emerging psychiatric treatment.
Can Oral Ketamine Treat Depression Without the Dissociative Effects?
An Oral Ketamine Drug for Depression — Minus the Trip?
Coverage of phase 1/2 trial results for a prolonged-release oral ketamine tablet that produced minimal dissociative side effects and early reductions in depressive symptoms, though it did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint at day 21.
Immune Biomarkers May Predict Who Responds to Ketamine and Psychedelics
Immune signals may help explain, predict responses to therapies for difficult-to-treat depression
MD Anderson researchers found that ketamine and psychedelics, despite acting on different brain receptors, produce rapid antidepressant effects through shared neuroimmune pathways (interleukins IL-15 and IL-7). Blood-based immune biomarkers tracked with treatment response, raising the possibility of a future test to predict which patients will benefit before starting therapy.
Could a Cortisol Spike Explain Ketamine's Rapid Anti-Suicidal Effects?
Ketamine's Rapid Relief of Suicidal Thoughts May Be Linked to an Increase in Morning Cortisol
A randomized clinical trial found that a single ketamine infusion raised morning cortisol levels in patients with major depression and active suicidal ideation, an effect that persisted for at least 24 hours, suggesting this stress-hormone response may contribute to ketamine's rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects.
Sex-Specific Immune Response Shapes Brain Recovery After Ketamine
Ketamine Reshapes Neural Networks and Neuroplasticity
Researchers found that during recovery from ketamine anesthesia, a spike in the stress hormone corticosterone activates a specific gene pathway in brain immune cells called microglia, prompting them to remodel structures around neurons to support new synapse formation — an effect seen in female mice but not male mice, pointing to sex-specific differences in ketamine's neuroplastic effects.
Reframing Ketamine and Other Non-Standard Depression Treatments
What Does Interventional Psychiatry Actually Mean? Reframing Non-Standard Treatments for Depression
A clinical perspective on interventional psychiatry as a distinct treatment category, examining how ketamine and other non-standard, procedure-based interventions fit alongside conventional pharmacotherapy for depression.
Regulatory & Industry Updates
FDA actions and regulatory news relevant to the safe, compliant marketing and administration of ketamine therapy.